The History of African Americans Essay Example for Free

The History of African Americans EssayJewish flock had the horrific time ordeal of the Holocaust, Native Americans had to deal with the displace ment of their batch which lead to death, starvation and exposure to diseases while in en route to some other locations. However peerless could suggest that African Americans had an extremely rough time, and till this day continue to lease a rough time fighting for equality in either things.This is to non pop outplay the horrific, and devastating things that happened to other ethnicities, but despite the unfairness, the injustice, the inequality, African Americans have always found a way to rise to the occasion and dummy up find some gleam of hope that hotshot day things will be fair. African Americans have endured countless hardships, countless set-backs, and sometimes a plainly never ending battle. Despite the way the United States have treated wispyeneds from the time they brought slaves over to America on their ships, t o this day in age, total darkness people have non given up hope that one day whole, especially African Americans will one day be treated equally.This break up of this paper is to enlighten the accomplishments of the African American washables as an whole, and will outline the domainy trials and tribulations that African Americans have gone through, the many contributions they have made, as well as the relentless efforts glums have made to not turn its back on the United States, despite the country many of times turning its back, or more-so looking the other way while morally wrong flatts took place, despite the fact that it seemed oh so many times that they took tether steps onwards simply to be knocked back dickens.Nonetheless they solace prevailed and continuously paving ways and making things better for the next generation making harsh sacrifices, even to the extent of death. Immediately after the Civil War ended and Congress passing the Thirteenth Amendment abolish ing slavery in 1865, no more than a family later former Confederate states started passing the so-called Black Codes. What this basically meant was that blacks were now allowed to legally be married, own property, and also have a hold access to the courts, and by limited it meant only when a sportsmanlike person was not existence testified against.They could not serve in state militias or on juries, vote, or even start a job without having the consent of a previous employer. They also came up with harsh laws for things that were beyond control such as making it a crime for being unemployed or making trivial offenses, handled on a felony level or with harsher sentences. It basically re-enslaved black people in another fashion by requiring blacks to sign yearly labor contracts, and if refused they risked being arrested and fined or typically forcing them into unpaid labor.(Black Codes , 2013) In 1867 five all black colleges were founded Howard University, Morgan State College, Tal ladega College, St. Augustines College, and Johnson C Smith College. These schools were actually weeed 26 years before the end of slavery. Some may ask why were these schools still needed in the first place, or still needed after schools were desegregated in 1954. Well the answer to that question is one of many.For one we must find out this from a realistic angle, at that point in time education amongst African Americans was not encouraged by many whites during that time. Remember it was about 87 years between the time black colleges began existing and schools becoming desegregated. So one can only assume that there were many things done to monish blacks from being educated such as making laws, and giving harsh punishments, burning down schools, or even extending to death, if discovered that one could read and was educated. in the beginning starting time out the purpose of black colleges were simply for one to teach others to become teachers, however it lead to being the foundat ion of many inventors, educators, CEOs, politicians, activists, entrepreneurs, scientist, etc. People such as Oprah Winfrey, Thurgood Marshall, Martin Luther fag Jr, Langston Hughes, Jesse Jackson, Spike Lee, and the list could literally go on and on. HBCUs gave African Americans a sense of pride, dignity, and respect.It helped lead to black people being able to achieve the dreams, that they saw their white counterparts achieving. As a matter of fact during the 80s and early 90s it was actually deemed cool to wear HBCU paraphernalia, and be college graduates. People such as Debbie Allen, Bill Cosby, and Spike Lee, promoted the education of African Americans through TV shows and movies, such as Spike Lees School Daze, and also on The Cosby show, as well as the spin-off of it entitled A Different adult male.Which basically showcased the college life of black students, and it gave insight to show others that there are people who look just like them who goes to college. (Coleman C, 2 013) After the Civil War in 1865, African Americans began feeling liberated, and they began seeking the same kind of lifestyles they observed their white counter-parts having, such as education, good paying jobs etc. The 20th century gave abide to a cultural revolution, the era coined the Harlem Renaissance had earned its status as the capital of black America.(Williams, 2013)The existence of organizations such as the NAACP, The National urban League, and individuals such as Marcus Garvey, African Americans were free to do what they pleased they still searched for their identity, their piece of the pie. (AE, 2013) In 1931 a case that included nine African American males and two white girls, showcased the injustice in the law when it contained African Americans. The Scottsboro Tragedy is the story of 9 young black males who hopped a train in hopes of conclusion work, but the only thing they ended up finding was a whole lot of trouble.These nine young men were accused of raped by a 17, and 21 year old white woman. Not that it was anything new to black people, but it was a landmark case that brought to light how the justice musical arrangement in America differed when the accused are African Americans. This case highlighted how no facts, no evidence, or any proof was used. These young men simply were iniquitous with no ability to be be innocent. Keep in mind that the most these boys could have done was hoboing through the train, and possibly could have gotten into a altercation with the white boys and perhaps have gotten the better of them.So for them to be accused of such a heinous crime as rape, showed just how much white people despised of black people. The majority of these young men would end up being falsely imprisoned, having the label of rapist pinned to their name, and go through three different trials that kept proving how the justice system was unfair, especially how one of the white girls recanted her story admitting that she fabricated everythin g and none of the young black men had ever moved(p) her.But of course in those times it honestly did not matter, because they didnt have access to fair trial, proper representation, and neither did the whole innocent until proven guilty rule apply to them. (Group, Scottsboro An American tragedy, 2001) For many years to come America, especially black America would see time and time again how race would play a major factor in the laws and more-so of who which laws apply to whom.In the past years alone we have seen numerous cases of black men being accused of rape, when the evidence barely matched up, or if there were any evidence at all led to the unfar conviction of many black men who either spend many years behind bars for crimes they did not commit, only to be released because the DNA was not a match. Or the many black men who are beaten or killed by cops, specifically white cops, and the ruling comes back not guilt, and the legal systems tells people that it is ok for the police to shoot a unarmed main 50 times, when all he was doing was reaching for his wallet.Despite the inequality, the unfairness, and lack of opportunities in America towards African Americans, that did not change the fact that black Americans felt the need to not only prove they were intellectually overt of the task that the military needed but also, to show patriotism of the African American race. Although it seems ironic how blacks were fighting to keep the freedom for a country where they struggled to have the basic freedoms of others such as equal opportunities when it came to education, job opportunities and basic respect from other individuals.(Group, 2002). The Tuskegee Airmen were a group of African American pilots who were at first seemed to be nothing more than the military carrying out orders to have a group of educated black pilots, but they soon became one of the main forces behind winning the war with their bombing escorts. The very interesting thing about these men was th at all they wanted to do was to prove that they were just as intelligent, educated, and has just as much tenacity as the white men. But they were constantly harassed not only outside the military but also inside the military as well.They were given missions that to be quite honest were nothing that proved they were capable of flying an aircraft. But as stated previously even after all their accomplishments and them fighting to keep the freedom of America, they still were treated as here and now or even third rate citizens, they were treated as if they never made contributions. 1945 marked the beginning of African Americans being able to not only express themselves, but keep current with events that affect s them, and topics that were directed toward black people.Ebony clip was established and it was and still is a monthly magazine. The magazine was catered to African Americans, and it discussed health, fitness, finances, love, and simply African Americans live and achievements. Th e reason why this magazine was and still is so pertinent to the black culture because the magazine is catered to African Americans, because it gave black people a voice, it gave a voice that was relevant to people of color, and the topics were pertinent to black people has a whole. Ebony magazine paved the way for in store(predicate) magazines such as Jet, Essence, Black Enterprise etc.(Shahid, 2013) Malcolm X became one of the most influential people during the civil rights era, he was one of the first individuals to rejects the nonviolent civil-rights movement and integration, and became a champion of African American separatism and black pride (Davis, 2013). Now depending on who you ask, some may say X was one of the pioneers and his methods were necessary, and others may say he was nothing more than a trouble arriver. But after careful research Malcolm X was a great man and it was not that he condoned violence, he condoned people standing up for themselves.He only was stating facts and the facts were the non-approach was not achieving much, and in the meantime black people were being killed in the masses because they werent fighting back. A man who seemed to be the opposite of Malcolm X, well in approach to the issue of direction of dealing with the Civil rights of African Americans. Martin Luther King Jr, became one of the most influential pioneers and voices of the civil rights movement. His nonviolence approach was both highly criticized as well as commended.(laureates, 2013) King worked diligently to establish racial equality, with his many sit-ins, protest and marches. He achieved many accomplishments in his lifetime, but that of course did not come without criticism because of his non-violent approaches, some people felt that King was furthering the slow progress of black people because they were not standing up for themselves. However his motive was the whole kill them kindness approach because he wanted to show that they werent just angry black people who wanted to fight, but he wanted people to understand what they were fighting for.In 1966 Huey P. atomic number 7 and Bobby Seales founded the Black Panther Party, a radical black power group, in Oakland, California. This was an organization was like no other and for those who had hate and animosity towards black people, and were considering starting trouble were in for a rude awakening. Because this group of individuals were organized, and as ironic as it may sound they established themselves as protection of the neighborhoods because of the police atrociousness that existed.And although they developed a reputation for militant rhetoric and clashes with the police. This was still an important time for African Americans because it gave the molest to stand up for themselves and basically fight fire with fire so to speak. The organization was short lived, and as certain research shows that certain federal, state, and local officials went through great lengths to discredit and destroy the organization, including but not limited to assassinations. African Americans have contributed a lot to not only this world but especially to the United States.As a whole they have jumped over hurdle after hurdle, they have continuously bounced back after many set-backs, and when so called rules were set into place they made it their business to break down barriers. Black people have accomplished a lot of things and despite the United States always backing them up, or them moving extremely slow to make progress, African Americans are still striving to make things equal and fair. But with all that said despite their being a African American chairman in office black people are still a ways away from the promise land.Because African Americans are still unfairly targeted by police, there is still gaps when it comes to getting loans, the rates on these homes, lack of good education, and fairness in jobs and pay. But no one can fence in the fact that African Americans hav e made many contributions to the United States, despite the U. S. not always showing gratitude. Bibliography (n. d. ). Black Codes . (2013, April 13). Retrieved from The History route website. http//www. history. com/topics/black-codes. AE, T. (2013, April 13). Harlem Renaissance.Retrieved from The Biography Channel website http//www. biography. com/tv/classroom/harlem-renaissancetgm Coleman C, D. (2013, http//hbcuconnect. com/history. shtml 14). The History of Historically Black Colleges Universites. Retrieved from HBCU Connect http//hbcuconnect. com/history. shtml Davis, O. (2013, April 14). Malcolm X about bio. Retrieved from Malcolm X Biography http//www. malcolmx. com/about/bio. html Group, F. M. (Director). (2001). Scottsboro An American tragedy Motion Picture. Group, F. M. (Director). (2002).The Tuskegee airmen They fought two wars Motion Picture. laureates. (2013, April 13). nobel prizes. Retrieved from Nobel Prize org http//www. nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureat es/1964/king-bio. html Shahid, S. (2013, April 14). 65 Years Ago in News History The Birth of Ebony Magazine. Retrieved from newseum http//www. newseum. org/news/2010/10/65-years-ago-in-news-history-the-birth-of-ebony-magazine. html Williams, A. (2013, April 14). Harlem Renaissance. Retrieved from In Academic World Book. http//www. worldbookonline. com/academic/article? id=ar246340.

Document Analysis of John Browns Address to the Virginia Court Essay Example for Free

Document Analysis of John Browns Address to the Virginia Court EssayThe address given by John Brown to the Virginia tourist court was his final words before execution on charges of treason. The charges were given because of a raid that he directed with the intent to take federal weapons which is an act of treason. On October 16th-18th, 1859, the radical abolitionist John Brown led a group of white and black men, including two of his sons, on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Browns goal was to acquire the federal arsenal, arm the local hard workers, and fight a way into the North as described in this primary source in court. This raid was non surprising because of his abolitionist background and insanity as described by the Robert E. Lee who led the Union Army that suppressed the revolt. The group held up in a fire department and was attacked by Lees soldiers. The failed attempt resulted in Browns capture, trial, and execution on December 2nd. This episode of slave resistance was the last major rebellion contributing to the secession of the South and, eventually, the Civil War. Purpose John Brown had a a few tendency for delivering this address.Obviously, it was given in response to charges accumulated from the raid, and the address also makes several points explaining his defense. Brown stated that he did not intend to fire a mavin gun but wanted simply to take slaves from plantations and lead them to northern states or Canada. Brown also stated that he did not induce the others multiform in the raid to join him which lessened his crime in his mind. To the charges he addressed, I never did intend murder, or treason, or the destruction of property, or to budge or incite slaves to rebellion, or to make revolt.Though he denied the charges, one can infer that Brown really did want a slave become to occur in the South due to his strong abolitionist morals and beliefs. If the raid were to be successful, Brown would not stop with those slaves, but rather quell his forced manumission of the South. Browns impression of the trial was one of satisfaction, but he argued that it is unjust that I should suffer such a penalty of death. He made this argument because his intent was not to start this uprising but, instead, to be an act of defiance that he knew would indirectly cause a mass insurrection in the South.Value John Browns address is not a historical landmark and was a less significant historical memorial that had minimal aftermath however, it provides a specific example of responses in court giving insight into how acts of slave resistance are dealt with legally. Brown gives this document a unique texture because of his eloquence in court compared with his savagery in the raid. Overall, he is given the status of a martyr with his words I acquaint to death so let it be done Brown reveals a very different side of his personality in which he is a dignified martyr.He predicts that slavery will never end peacefully in the country whose ri ghts are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments. Historians can use this document at once to show people strong in their beliefs who act upon them, and although some failed in their efforts, their cause was strengthened. Limitations The address made by John Brown contains several limitations that match its credit as a historical source. A significant limiting factor is that there is only one opinion to explain the raid. Brown had a biased opinion mainly because of his childhood having been greatly influenced with abolitionist morals and beliefs.One would think that Browns address would be biased in spite of his numerous accusations, but he speaks as if he had nothing to lose. The aiding and abetting criminals in the raid would not have delivered a speech as dignified and passionate as Browns but would obviously be similar in their renditions of the event. To fully understand Browns raid, historians would need to natter Robert E. Lees notes. After viewing both sides of the story, a historian can either choose a side or make an illation that incorporates both.

The Irony In The Truman Show English Literature Essay

The Irony In The Truman Show English Literature EssayTruman from The Truman Show and Meursault from The Stranger some(prenominal) have things that foreshadow their ultimate choices in flavour, which include symbolism, existential themes, and irony.In The Truman Show , there is irony present throughout the whole movie. During most of the film, Truman treasured to leave Seahaven and go explore the world. He had a desire to do more than just live a quaint, common life. He is unique, and it is his motivation that makes him cornerstone out. His enduring determination helped him find the resoluteness. For example, he almost dr professed during a storm while sailing, hardly he persisted on. Truman got an answer, but it may not have been the answer he was searching for. Once Truman learned that his life was a television show, he realized he would not be as unique if he left. He would not be the center of attention, and now wants to be just an ordinary person outside of Seahaven.There a lso irony present throughout The Stranger, as Meursault also has somewhat of an epiphany towards the end of the novel. Throughout the story, Meursault is indifferent to many things and does not show fast moral values. For example, he kills a man without strong reasoning. After getting sentenced to death, he truly realizes why he is getting punished for his actions. He understands what will happen to him and accepts it. Ironically, instead of having moral thoughts or feelings of remorse, he believes that hatred of him would make him feel less alone. However, he realizes he becomes happier when he better understands human existence and purpose. As if that blind rage had washed me clean, unloose me of hope for the first time, in that night alive with signs and stars, I opened myself to the gentle indifference of the world. Finding it so much like myself-so like a brother, really-I felt that I had been happy and that I was happy again. For everything to be consummated, for me to feel less alone, I had only to wish that there be a walloping crowd of spectators the day of my execution and that they greet me with cries of hate, (Part 2, Chapter 5, P.123). He feels lonely, and it is the hate from the crowd of spectators that help him feel less alone.Meursault faced a lot of things like an existentialist. For example, he was ready to accept his consequence after he shot the Arab. He also was ready for death, knowing it is inevitable. Some existential themes include freewill, controlling your own fate, accepting your fate, and taking responsibility for your own actions. These themes are all present in The Stranger. It was the freewill that led him to shooting the Arab, because he was in total control. He chose his fate, received the consequences, and took responsibility for what he did. For example, he realized he was going to die, and accepted it.There are also existentialist themes in The Truman Show. Although the shows creator, Christof, tried to take note Truma n in Seahaven, he ultimately could not. Trumans freewill and control of his own fate led him to discovering the truth or so Seahaven, and thus controlling the outcome of his life. He accepted the reality of his life being centered around a television show, but moved on by leaving Seahaven. Although Trumans artificial world came to an end, he entered reality as he left Seahaven.Symbolically, Trumans fake world coming to an end was foreshadowed by a previous event. The light fixture that fell as Truman left his home symbolized things starting to fall apart. Shortly after this even, there were more examples that caused him to be suspicious and doubtful of the world around him. Another capital example of symbolism in the film was the unfinished bridge that Truman and Marlon had conversations on. Truman was always uncertain of something when he spoke to Marlon on the bridge, and it could represent Trumans unfulfilled life and uncertainty. Although Trumans life was unfulfilled in his ey es, there is something that foreshadows him traveling in the future and discovering something. The name of his sailboat was the Santa Maria, which was a famous boat that Columbus sailed to America on. This foreshadowed Truman leaving the townsfolk of Seahaven to explore a completely new world.There is much symbolism present in The Stranger as well. For example, Mersault does not like being uncomfortable, curiously from the weather. Many perceive the sun as a source of warmth, sometimes beauty, but Meursault dislikes the heat. The sun normally brings joy, emotional warmth or comfort to an individual, but Meursault seems to dislike feeling emotional in any way. He also dislikes heat from the sun. The sun was a barrier of Mersaults emotions. It also led him to murder. While walk of life on the beach, Meursault encountered the Arab again. The Arab reflected light off of his knife from the sun. Meursault thought to himself, All I could feel were the cymbals of sunlight crashing on my forehead and, instinctively, the dazzling spear flying up from the knife in front of me. The scorching blade slashed at my eyelashes and stabbed at my stinging eyes, (Part 1, Ch.6, P.59). Right after this, he shot and killed the Arab. It seems like the undersized emotions that Meursault had took over his actions. Before walks up to the Arab and shoots him, Meursault thinks to himself, It occurred to me that all I had to do was turn around and that would be the end of it. But the whole beach, throbbing in the sun, was air pressure on my back. I took a few steps toward the spring, (Part 1, Ch.6, P.58).However, towards the end of the novel he did gain some morals and understood much more about life. When he did, he looked into the window, with the sun shining behind it, and gazed at his reflection I moved closer to the window, and in the last light of day I gazed at my reflection one more time, (Part 2, Ch.2, P.81).As you can see, existential themes, symbols and irony not only foresh adow, but affect Meursaults and Trumans ultimate choices in life.

Measurement of Anti-proliferative Activity Experiment

Measurement of Anti-proliferative Activity ExperimentHuman cancer cadre lines A549 (Lung carcinoma), MCF-7 (Breast adenocarcinoma), DU 145 (Prostate carcinoma), DLD-1 (Colorectal adenocarcinoma), FaDu (squamous cell carcinoma of pharynx) were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), USA. These cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotic combinations in 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere at 37 0C.A colorimetric sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay was used for the measurement of anti-proliferative activity as described before (Adaramoye et al., 2011 Fricker and Buckley, 1995 Keepers et al., 1991 Skehan et al., 1990). It is the second major technique for testing and is the more than preferred. This essentially depends on the incur of the negatively charged pink amino xanthine dye, sulphorhodamine B (SRB) through basic amino acids in the cells. The released dye will give a more intense colour and more absorbance, when the number of cells and amount of dye is taken up is greater, after fixing, when the cells ar lysed, (Skehan et al., 1990). The SRB assay is sensitive, simple, reproducible and more speedy than the formazan-based assays and gives better linearity, a honorable signal-to-noise ratio and has a stable end-point that does not require a time-sensitive measurement, as do the MTT or XTT assays (Fricker and Buckley, 1995 Keepers et al., 1991).Ten molarity cells were seeded to each well of 96-well plate, grown overnight and exposed to test samples at 100 g/ml tightfistedness for 48 h. Cells were then laid with ice-cold tri-chloro acetic acid (50% w/v, 50l/well), stained with SRB (0.4% w/v in 1% acetic acid, 50l/well), serve and air dried. Bound dye was dissolved in 150 L of 10mM Tris base and plates were read at 510 nm absorbance (Epoch Microplate Reader, Biotek, USA).Anti-proliferative activity of test samples was calculated as% inhibition in cell growth = 100-(Absorbance of compound treated cells/ Absorbance of untreated ce lls) x100.Principal component analysisPCA was carried out based on the contents of xviii bioactive compounds in fruits and leaves of five Cassia species, using STATISTICA 7.0 software. When the contents of investigated compounds were below the quantitation limit or not detected in the samples, the values of such elements were considered to be zero.Results and watchwordOptimization of chromatographic and MS/MS conditionsComplete separation of proximate analytes is certainly not required for MS/MS detection. In this study, chrysophanic acid and emodin are having same product ion, while catechin and epicatechin are having same precursor and product ion. Therefore, mobile phase was optimized using different compositions of solvents and adjusting their gradient elution for separation of all the compounds. Acetonitrile possesses stronger elution talent in comparison to wood alcohol, which shortens the elution time and thus selected for this method. On the basis of the polarity of anthr aquinones, phenolics, flavonoids and terpenoids in the extracts of Cassia species samples, an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 mm 50 mm, 1.7m Waters, Milford, MA) column was selected for their separation, which was more suited for acidic mobile phase with smoother baseline in the separation as compared to other tested columns. Compared with acetic acid, formic acid was found more effective for ionization of compounds detected in the negative ESI mode. Thus, different concentration strengths (0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2%) of formic acid were investigated, and finally 0.1% formic acid concentration was selected for analysis. Therefore, optimized gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min with the column temperature of 30C resulted in separation of the 18 compounds in less than 8 min chromatographic run time.All the compound dependent MS parameters (precursor ion, product ion, declustering potential (DP) and collision energy (CE) were guardedly op timized for each targeted compound in negative ESI mode, which was performed by flow injection analysis (FIA). The chemical structures of 18 components were characterized based on their retention behaviour and MS information such as quasimolecular ions M-H, fragment ions M-H-COO, M-H-COO-CH3, M- CO-H2O compared to related standards and literatures (Pandey et al., 2014 Wei et al., 2013 Xia et al., 2011 Yu et al., 2009). MRM parameters DP, EP, CE and CXP were optimized to achieve the most abundant, specific and stable MRM transition for each compound as shown in Table 1. MRM extracted ion chromatogram of analytes are shown in Fig. 1.Analytical Method ValidationThe proposed UPLC-MRM method for quantitative analysis was validated according to the guidelines of international conference on harmonization (ICH, Q2R1) by linearity, LOQs and LODs, precision, solution stability, and recovery.Linearity, LOD and LOQThe internal standard method was employed to calculate the contents of eighteen analytes in Cassia species. The stock solution was diluted with methanol to different working concentrations for the construction of calibration curves. The linearity of calibration was performed by the analytes-to-IS peak area ratios versus the nominal concentration and the calibration curves were constructed with a weight (1/x2) means by least-squares linear regression. The applied calibration model for all curves was y = a x + b, where y = peak area ratio (analyte/IS), x = concentration of the analyte, a = slope of the curve and b = intercept. The LODs and LOQs were measured with S/N of 3 and 10, respectively as criteria. The results were listed in Table 1. All the calibration curves indicated good linearity with correlation coefficients (r2) from 0.9990 to 0.9999 within the test ranges. The LODs for each analyte varied from 0.02-1.34 ng/mL and LOQs from 0.06-3.88 ng/ml and were much lower than those obtained with previous HPLC methods (Chewchinda et al., 2012 Chewchinda et al., 2014 Chewchinda et al., 2013 Ni et al., 2009 Prakash et al., 2007).Precision, stableness and RecoveryThe intra-day and inter-day variations, for the determination of precision of the developed method, were evaluated by determining the eighteen analytes in six replicates on a single day and by duplicating the experiments over three successive days. The overall intra-day and inter-day precision were not more than 3.37 %. Stability of sample solutions stored at room temperature was evaluated by replicate injections at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h. The RSDs value of stability of the eighteen analytes 3.19 %. A recovery test was applied to evaluate the truth of this method. triplet different concentration levels (high, middle and low) of the analytical standards were added into the samples. Three replicates were performed at each level. The percentage recoveries were calculated according to the following equation (detected amountoriginal amount) 100% / added amount. The analytical method developed had good accuracy with overall recovery in the range from 97.75-105.09 % (RSD 2.42 %) for all analytes (Table 1).

Food Production: Using Lean Manufacturing Principles

Food Production Using fish Manufacturing PrinciplesThe main objective of the factories was to achieve high economic growth. The emendment in point of intersectionivity has become fatality of food manufacture to take the competitive advantage of global market. The big problem or challenge to food industry is describeing the pay offs and meet the market price by maintaining a good profit. The yet solution is to disregard total product cost. sparse manufacturing is organized approach to identify and decimate the waste by continues improvements. This paper discusses how the crunch principles of lean manufacturing contribute be applied in food occupation to incrementd labor aptitude and improvement productivity and quality. This paper first kick ins the lean concept and portrays the accomplishation of lean manufacturing system on more(prenominal) or less organization.Three main factors that food return factories fear, poor and tacky quality, increase of product ion cost, increase in course metre. Production improvements should be based on the improvements of treates as well as operation. conundrums can appear in any of the basic elements that constitute the production ara. (Materials, surveyers, machines and m otherfuckers, energy, methods, product). So I focus on lean manufacturing the program can help to improve in this area.Problem StatementWhy and how companies should implement lean manufacturing in food production ?1.3 Importance of the studyThe main aim of the study is to present the main cerebration of the Lean manufacturing system, and the benefit of applying it in the field of food production, and identifying the kinds of wastes in production process, and the effect of the Lean manufacturing on food production and presenting some examples of successful companies that employ the Lean manufacturing.1.4 Research QuestionsWhen organizations implement lean manufacturing, it is more believably to make positive on food product ion?1.5 Research approach shotThe data collected in this research was stemmed from previous published articles. And present a successful example from companies will be achieved good results after(prenominal) implement lean manufacturing program. The main target of this paper is to be applied as guideline to food production companies in Egypt.II. Literature Review2.1 accounting of Lean Manufacturing.Many of the concepts in LM or lean production originate from the Toyota Production System (TPS) and defy been implemented progressively byout Toyotas trading operations starting in the 1950s. In 1980s Toyota had increasingly become famous for the efficiency with which it had implemented Just-In-Time (JIT) manufacturing systems. Now, Toyota is often considered wizard of the most efficacious and influential manufacturing companies in the world and the connection that put the standard for best practices in LM. LM has increasingly been applied by come beforeing manufacturing companie s throughout the world, lead by the major(ip) automobile manufactures and their equipment suppliers. Lean Manufacturing is becoming an increasingly significant topic for manufacturing companies in developed countries as they try to find procedure to compete more in effect versus competition from Asia.2.2 Lean Manufacturing.Lean Manufacturing is a set of tools and methodologies that aims for the continuous elimination of all waste in the production process. The main benefits of this are lower production costs increased output and minimum production lead terms.Some of the goals includeUtilization of equipment and areaUse equipment and manufacturing area more efficiently by eradicating bottlenecks and maximizing the rate of production though existing equipment, plot of land cut machine down while.Defects and wastesReduce defects and unnecessary physical wastage, including surplus use of raw satisfying inputs, preventable defects, and costs associated with reprocessing defective ite ms and dispensable product characteristics which are non required by customers.FlexibilityHave the ability to produce a more elastic range of products with minimum diversityover costs and changeover quantify.Labor productivityImprove labor productivity, both by reducing the inactive time of workers and ensuring that when workers are working, they are victimization their effort as productively as possible end productInsofar as reduced cycle times, increased labor productivity and removal of bottlenecks and machine downtime can be completed, companies can mostly significantly increase output from their existing facilities.Inventory levelsMinimize take line of work levels at all yards of production, particularly works-in-progress between production steps. Lower inventories withal mean lower working capital requirements. pedal TimesReduce manufacturing lead times and production cycle times by reducing waiting times between processing stages, as well as process set times and pr oduct.Most of these benefits lead to lower unit of measurement production costs for example, more effective use of equipment and space leads to lower depreciation costs per unit produced, more effective use of labor results in lower labor costs per unit produced and lower defects lead to lower cost of goods sold.2.3 The Five Lean PrinciplesThe critical beginning vizor when changing a traditional production line into a Lean process is the determination of value from the customers points of view, which is significant as the goal of the Lean process is a line where every activity adds a specified customer value to the product. Having identified the value of products, the second step is to identify and map the value stream in the production line. Value stream mapping refers to the mapping of a products route and is explained in more percent point further. The third principle is the connection of value creating activities in a continuous flow process. Every dilemma or batch and queu e process mustiness be avoided to obtain an uninterrupted flow throughout the production. The ideal production Flow is worn-out on a map, and existing procedures changed and equipment relocated to suppose this. The quaternate principle is not to produce anything upstream unless it is needed downstream. The principle is in contrast to batch and queue procedures, as seen in mass production, and aims to reduce the get of resources locked up in inventories. It implies that production must be just-in-time, both internally between processes and externally when delivering products to the End-user. The fifth principle is about pursuing perfection through a continuous improvement. This is not moreover(prenominal) about creating a product that the customer requires with a minimum of defects, but also includes the perfection of every execution in connection with the production process. It involves all employees as they know procedures the most and are closest to make suggestions for im provement. The involvement of everyone in the continuous improvement is what makes Lean a philosophy improving working processes is integrated in job routines.(Womack Jones 2003 Bicheno 2004).2.5 The kind of waste in food productionOverproductionProducing elements for which there are no client requirements. The Lean principle is to use a pull system, or producing goods just as clients order them. Service organizations operate this way by their very nature. Industrialization organizations, furthermore, have historically operated by a Push System, building products to stock, without firm customer orders. Anything produced beyond the customer demand (safety stocks, work-in-process inventories, and so forth) ties up rich labor and material resources and hence is a waste.WaitingTime during production (service) when no value is added to product (service). This includes waiting for material, information, equipment, tools, stock-outs, lot processing delays, equipment downtime, capacity b ottlenecks, etc. The Lean principle is to use a just-in-time (JIT) system- not too soon, not too late.TransportationUnnecessary moving and handling of parts. This includes transporting work-in-process long distances, trucking to and from an off-site storage facility. Lean demands that the material be shipped directly from the vendor to the location in the assembly line where it will be utilise. Material should be delivered to its point of use.Over- abutingUnnecessary processing or procedures than necessary to meet customer demand. Common examples multiple inspecting. Statistical process control techniques can be used to eliminate or minimize the amount of inspection required. Value Stream Mapping is another lean tool that can be used for this purpose also. This tool is frequently used to help identify non-valued-added steps in the process (for both manufacturers and service organizations).Excess InventoryExcess raw material, or completed goods. Inventory beyond that needed to meet customer demands negatively impacts cash flow and uses valuable floor space.DefectsScrap, rework, replacement production, and inspection. Production defects and service errors waste resources in four ways. First, materials are consumed. Second, the labor used to produce the part (or provide the service) the first time cannot be recovered. Third, labor is required to rework the product (or remake the service). Fourth, labor is required to address any forthcoming customer complaints. Total Quality Management (TQM) is one of the lean tools that can be used to for reducing defects.Excess MotionUnnecessary motion of people or equipment that adds to value to product (service). This is caused by poor workflow, poor layout, housekeeping, and inconsistent or undocumented work methods. Value Stream Mapping is also used to identify this type of waste. Tools like 5S, comfortable workspace design can be used to eliminate this waste.Underutilized stateUnderutilization of mental, creative, and physical skills and abilities of employees of the organization. Some of the more common causes for this waste include organizational culture, inadequate hiring practices, poor or non-existent training, and high employee turnover.2.6 The insurance constitution to reduce the wastePolicy to reduce waste consists of several systems1- Reduced Set up TimeIt reduced the time required to adjust the machines to produce a different product. A long time in the control of the machine means the need to produce large quantities of the same product and thus prevents us from reducing the size of the order, which in turn prevents us from inventory drop-off and prevents us from the production process of withdrawing. Permission must be reduced machine set time dramatically.2- Small Lot size Which is the size of the order per batch per production? If the size of each run command (order) significant meaning that we will cut in a lot of semi-finished materials, which do not want to do because we wa nt to reduce inventory in general3- Reduced function in Process An inventory of the materials or parts that have passed the initial stage of production and did not pass to the latter. Reduce inventory this is essential in the philosophy of the policy of reducing losses because of its impact on the coverage of production problems and because it is a money investor.4- Policy pull Production it means that production on the priming coat of need for the next stage of production and not on the basis of a specific production plan. The first production engineering stage not only produces and need permission from the production stage next and so on until the end of the production line. There is stacked production between stages. This is also known as Kanban card or card.5- Quality Control Circles It is a work teams of operators and technicians are studying and solving quality problems and operation and maintenance. These rings are necessary to study the problems and uprooted from their roo ts and to involve all levels of work in solving problems. Quality control loops is a continuous development of methods Continuous Improvement, which is one of the basics of the Toyota system.6- Total Productive MaintenanceThey maintenance system leads to increased availability of equipment and reduce breakdowns. This system is necessary to be able to reduce inventory of semi-finished materials and the implementation of the policy to withdraw production. Must be reduced dramatically sudden failure to implement these policies.7- Group Technology It is a method designed to manufacture similar products in one place to reduce the transport time and wait in what is known as the cell manufacturing Cells. This method helps to reduce transfer times material from one place to another and make each group of operators responsible for different stages of the production for the same product that they have a kind of full responsibility for the product.8- Multi Task Employees Meaning that the worke r trained to do several tasks instead of one task. This method gives the flexibility to change the functions of working when needed. Note that this system is designed to reach the speed of response to customer requirements and thus there must be flexibility in profession as well so that you can change the functions of Group according to the requirements of the market. This method has a lot to do with technology group, where can one faker that is running several machines.9- Production levelingToyota system is designed to reduce the variables and produce small amounts of each product every day, so there is no need to produce large quantities of a product in one day. Reduce the change helps us not to maintain a large stock and makes the production process is running smoothly and regularity without significant changes.10- Just In Time Purchasingit means of access to raw materials and production supplies when you need them quickly. This procurement policy is needed to reduce inventory and production development and reduce defects in products. To reach that there is a lot of things are applied, such as reducing the number of suppliers and to cooperate with them and compel them specific things in the style of their work.11- Maintain a work environment 5S It means arrange and steer and clean workplace and work tools so that you have access to the tools and information is accessible, fast and the site is a good place to work and safe at the same time. This method is called 5S relative to the Nipponese words that mean organize and arrange and clean workplace.12- Total Quality ControlThere is a correlation between policies to reduce waste and total quality management both supports the other. To reach to pull production policy has to be to reach high levels of quality. Therefore, Toyota and Japanese companies have applied TQM or total quality control of the most cardinal has been applied is the technical checks parts produced by himself in the sense that the produc t is scanned during each stage production by the operators themselves. It is the powers of the workers off the production line in the event of a quality problem.2.6.1 The Benefits of reducing the wasteImproved murder indicators such as reduce losses to a great extent high product quality (in terms of compliance with specifications) any low percentage of defective products Reduced time progress (which is the time to meet manufacturing orders) high inventory turnover rate very high flexibility to change production from one product to another lower the sudden failure of equipment low additional cost Overhead cost increase production capacity high accuracy to meet the supply orders on time for supply the speed of response to changing market improvement of financial indicators in the long term, including the profitableness Improved morale of workers2.7Quality in Lean Manufacturing2.7.1. Reducing the Defect-Detection Time GapThe most important improvement that is made by a move from cl osing inspections to successive checks to self checks is in the reduction of the time transgress between creation of a defect and its detection. Figure 1 show how this time scuttle shrinks as one progresses towards self inspectionGrinderDrillLatheMillFigure 1 the time lag includes all operations that happenIn Figure 1, the time lag includes all operations that happen to the part after the defectHas been made and before the defect will be detected (more defective parts can be madeDuring this time if the defect is due to a broken machine tool, improper machining method,Or other problems that do not create simply one isolated defect).LatheMillFigure 2 the time gap shrinksIn Figure 2 the time gap shrinks to the length of time before the operator of the nextMachine handles the part. In a job shop, this may be a significant quantity of time and ifParts are produced in batches often the entire batch may have the same defect. However,In cellular manufacturing this time lag is small, sinc e the queue is only one unit.LatheMillFigure 3 the time lag has shrunk downIn Figure 3 the time lag has shrunk down to the amount of time that the operator spendsOn the given operation before he or she checks the part. Self-inspection produces visibility of the problem after the first defective part is made (if it is detectable). catching defective parts prevents adding more value to parts that will be scrapped or reworked later. Clearly this reduction in time lag can lead to quicker and easier detection of what the problem is that is causing the defect, reduction in wasted time in the form of value added to scrapped parts, and wasted time spent assembling a part that will have to be disassembled and then reassembled. Overall, quicker elimination of defect causing problems will result in a reduction of the number and cost of bad quality parts.2.8 Productivity in lean manufacturing2.8.1 IntroductionThe lean manufacturing focus on 20 describes I will present only key number 6 metho d improvement (Productivity)Figure 4 Relationship Diagram20 Keys2.8.2 DefinitionProductivity is about how well resources are used. The other area of general consensus is that productivity is about the relation between output and input in any process producing goods or services.Productivity can be calculated as output divided by inputP = O/IWhere P = Productivity , O = Output and I = arousalOutput can be measured in different way tones, Kilograms or even output defined as standard minutes or hours2.8.3 The components of productivityProductivity basically has both componentsEfficiencyUtilizationsUtilization is about whether the resources available are truly used in producing the product or service. That is a machine might be available but if no product is plan to be produced then it is not utilized , or if product is scheduled to be produced for only 85% of the available time then utilization is 85% Efficiency . On the other hand, is about how well the resources are used while it is being utilized.The formula for productivity is thenProductivity = Efficiency X UtilizationThis formula can be expandedProductivity = Output / Available hours, that is how much did we produce during the time that the resources were availableEfficiency = Output / time of days worked, that is how much did we produce during the time that the resources were actually operating.Utilization = Hours worked / Hours available, that is for what percentage of time did we actually utilize the resources.2.8.4 People. Plant- and process colligate issues impacting on productivityIt is important to understand what issues typically impact on productivity as you can then play for the causes to why productivity is not at the level it should be.If productivity is not at the target level it can be explained in terms of the two components of efficiency and utilization that it can be either an efficiency loss or none utilizes time. This can be because of people, plant or process related issues.The fo llowing summary show typical examples of issues impaction on productivity.Efficiency lossPeopleWork methodWork rateEffort ( pauperism issues )sciencesQuality of workPlant / ProcessSpeed ,idling ,minor stoppagesQuality of productNon Utilized timePeoplePlant / processMarket demandWork rateDowntimeChangeoversTable 2 issues impaction on productivity2.8.5 Productivity Improvement an Integrated ApproachProductivity improvement cannot be achieved by only implementing Kaizen operation.Figure 5 Productivity Improvement An Integrated ApproachProductivity increase and excellent quality can be achieved at the same time.2.8.6 Implementing key 6Implementing kaizen of operation requires the effective use of the CAPDo cycle. The CAPDo cycle is a simple management system for continuous improvement. One a plane for implementation has been drawn up, the actual training needs must be scheduled it is important to check regularly whether training targets have been met, and if not, the reason for this m ust be analyzed. Problem identified can then become actions for the next CAPDo cycle.Figure 6 CAPDo CycleCheckCompany and every department against the map.Benchmark the company using key 6 mapCheck current productivity performanceAnalyzeIdentify process for improvement.The benchmark score.Productivity performance to identify priority processes to focus on.PlanUse the five steps methodology for process improvement.Put goals for all processUse the five steps methodology for process improvement.Plan the improvement using 20 keys plan.DoImplementing the planRegular feedback from goals on progressImplement the plan for achieving the target.CheckRestart the cycle throughReviewing the results of the plan on monthly basisReviewing key progress with the map at least every six monthsUpdate skills matrixContinueCycle of CAPDo improvement and celebrate success.2.9 Actual Cases2.9.1 Meal production in Glostrup Hospitals main kitchen, Denmark.The main hypothesis of this paper is that where any i mplement LM it is more likely to make positive on food production so I present lean principles can applied in meal production to increase the efficiency without reducing the quality of meal prepared. All lean principles and tools may not be equally applicable in food production, but it is important to consider this aspect when discussing the implementation of lean in meal production. Glostrup Hospital is situated in the greater Copenhagen area in Denmark. The central Kitchen is situated internal the Hospital grounds in a separate building, and every day, meals for approximately 1000 patients are produced and distributed from the kitchen. In 2005, the hospitals management took the decision that all services should be Lean, and to cut the costs of meal production, the kitchen was forced to replace cook-serve with cook-chill production and reduce the number of foodservice employees from 71 to 54. This brought about a need to review and optimize the production procedures to maintain bo th output quantity and quality. The change of production system to cook-chill also had an impact on the end-product quality as recipes and production procedures needed adjustments. Therefore, the systematic evaluation and improvement of product quality was given a high priority in the kitchen. The internal working environment in the kitchen was important to the omnibus as she insisted on maintaining this as a high priority during and after the rationalization process, and that increased efficiency of production processes was obtained by the optimization of procedures and not by making the staff work faster. Because of these reservations, the implementation of Lean was expected to result in both increased efficiency of processes and improved product quality while ensuring a pleasant working environment for the remaining employees. The implementation of Lean in the kitchen began shortly after the change to cook-chill processing and before procedures became routine. The kitchen produc es most components of the meals themselves including breads, soups and impact vegetables. Previously with cook-serve production, there were separate production lines for hot meal components, vegetables, baked products, desserts and cold products for these meals, all items were prepared, processed and kept warm until service. Initially, when changing to cook-chill production, the separation of production according to meal was maintained with processed meal components being assembled into meals, packed and stored for up to 3 days before final distribution to hospital wards. The promotional material was standardised in two, five or seven portions per pack, and the wards received the portion sizes equal to or the closest number above their actual orders. This practice of standardizing package was accepted by the management as a pragmatic practice of cook-chill production. The implementation of cook-chill production procedures called for a systematic evaluation of product quality. A represent on display in the production facility showing the daily number of comments on food quality was elect as an expression of customer satisfaction with product quality. The number of complaints for each meal component, based on feedback received from wards and patients, was totaled and each day marked on the chart. This procedure was chosen as a way to ensure communication of customer product satisfaction to all employees. An internal quality control system was developed to reflect the need for adjusting recipes to improve meal quality after the change from cook serve to cook-chill production. It consisted of a three-color gradation of product acceptability where red refers to not welcome yellow, acceptable and green, good. The testing of product quality was performed internally in the kitchen, and the products had to obtain a yellow to pass. This system was developed to visualize the progress of adjusting existing procedures to cook-chill production. As a result of the imple mentation the hospital realized some quick financial wins. Revenue increased 19%, eliminate wastes meals from 10% to 5% (England al.2009).2.9.2 Implementing 20 keys in late bakeries company (Rich Bake), Egypt.In 2008 modern bakeries company management took the decision that some production process should be lean. The company decided implement 10 keys from 20 keysKey1 cleaning organizing to make work easy.Key 2 Rationalizing the system / goal Alignment.Key 3 Small Group Activities.Key 5 Quick Changeover Technology.Key 6 Kaizen of operation.Key 9 Maintaining Machines Equipment.Key 10 Workplace Discipline.Key 11 Quality Assurance.Key 15 Skill Versatility and cross Training.Key 19 Conserving Energy and Materials.Table 3 present the 20key, s evaluation before and after implementing lean on modern bakeries company through 2 years.KeyBase Line Level 2008201011.8221.5230.81.251.51.861.51.8911.3101.52.31122.5151.51.7191.51.5Table 3 20 keys evaluationEliminate wastes from 3% to 1.8%.Increa se productivity from 16KG Man / Hour to 18.5 Kg Man /Hour.2.12 The enormous obstacles for food production in terms of adoptingLM approaches to improvement.There is some problems face the food production companies to implementing lean manufacturing, generally as follows.Lack of a clear vision of the futureLack of patience and follow.Lack of persistent and challenge in leadership.Failure to link the processes in key 6 kaizen operation with normal work.Failure to perceive that lean is a viable strategy to help achieve competitive advantage.Lack of invariable visibility by management.Failure of management to take a whole systems view of business and to see the connections between all processes.Persistent focus only on demanding results without a balance focus improving the processes that achieve the results.III- Research Methodology3.1 Research ObjectivesThe main aim of the study is to present the main idea of the Lean manufacturing system, and the benefit of applying it in the field o f food production, and identifying the kinds of wastes in production process, and the effect of the Lean manufacturing on food production and presenting some examples of successful companies that implemented the Lean manufacturing.3.2 Conceptual FrameworkFigure 7 LM Conceptual Framework3.3 Research Question and Hypotheses3.3.1 Research QuestionsWhy and how companies should implement lean manufacturing in food production?3.3.2 Research HypothesesWhen organizations implement lean manufacturing, it is more likely to make positive on food production?3.3.3 IndependentCost reduction, waste rate, revenue gains3.3.4 DependentReturn on investment, profit in organization.IV Conclusion and RecommendationConclusionThrough the study found that there is a potential for the application of lean manufacturing system in food production and that explained by viewing experience hospital central kitchen in Denmark and experience modern bakeries company in Egypt, where the application of lean manufacturi ng system to gain increased efficiency ,quality, and productivity through the application of tools for lean manufacturing .. Easy to implementing lean manufacturing in big company that have systems for examples ISO9001, 2200, HACCPEasy to implementing lean manufacturing in small company but focus only 3 or 4 principles in the first stage .4.2 Recommen

Julius Caesar: Background Knowledge Is Needed To Understand Play :: essays research papers

Julius Caesar Background Knowledge Is Needed To Understand PlayHaving a good background and knowledge of the history of Rome is very adjuvant to understand Shakespeares play, Julius Caesar. The setting of thisplay took place hundreds of years ago, so if one knows a little bit of Romanhistory, it would help very much in understanding what is going on in the play.It is important to know about the connection, or relationship that thereonce was between Caesar and Pompey. When Crassus died, Pompey and Caesar wereleft as collimate rulers of Rome. As one could imagine, each wanted to be the onlyruler, so a struggle broke out between them. Caesar defeated Pompey and his armyin an important battle, and went on later to defeat Pompeys two sons. It isafter that fifth and last triumph, at the time they are celebrating, when theplay opens. To understand the play level off better, one should be aware of Brutus(one of the conspirators against Caesar) ancestors, the Tarquins. Nearly fivehundred y ears before Caesar was even born, a cruel, unscrupulous leading familyhad seized the riens of power and had set themselves up as kings. From thatpoint on, the people of Rome hated kings, and they bounded themselves togetherby a solemn oath never to tolerate a monarch, and it was officially enacted intolaw that if any man wish that the monarchy should be restored, he was to bedeclared a public enemy and be put to death.Brutus and the rest of the conspirators had killed Caesar, but they madean error, which was letting Mark Antony, one of Caesars friends live. Antonylater united with Bepidus and Octavius, to go against Brutus, Cassius, and theother conspirators. At the battle of Philippi, in Thrace, Brutus and Cassiustook their own lives when their army was destroyed. Just as Caesar and Pompeyhad struggled for the world when Cassus died, so now when Bepidus died, Antonyand Octavius were left confronting each other. Octavius held Rome and EuropeAntony held the East. Antony allied with Cleopatra and were planning to rule theworld from Alexandria, Cleopatras capital. Their navies met Octavius off theshore of Actium, in Greece. Octavius conquered decisively, and both Antony and

Cloning is Unethical :: essays research papers

In recent years our world has undergone many changes and advancements, clone is a primary example of this new modernism. On July 5th, 1995, Dolly, the first cloned animal, was created. She was cloned from a six-year-old sheep, making her cells genetic e rattling last(predicate)y six years old at her creation. However, scientists were amazed to gather up Dolly live for another six years, until she died early 2005 from a common lung disease found in sheep. This discovery sparked a curiosity for re-create all over the world, however, mankind must answer a question, should clone be allowed? To answer this question some issues need to be explored. Is cloning morally correct, is it a reliable way to produce life, and should human experimentation be allowed? Scientists catch no problem with the ethical issues cloning poses, as they claim the technological benefits of cloning clearly outweigh the possible social consequences, not to mention, help people with deadly diseases to find a cure . Jennifer Chan, a junior at the New York city Lab School, said, ?cloning body organs will help save many patients lives, she said. I think that cloning is an amazing medical breakthrough, and the process could polish off at cloning organs--if were accountable, it doesnt deem to go any further. This argument seems to be an ethical presentation of the purpose of cloning. However, most, if not all scientists agree that human cloning won?t stop there. While cloning organs may seem ethical, cloning a human is dangerous. Still, scientists argue that the intentions of cloning are ethical. On the other hand, there are many who disagree with those claims. According to those from a religious standpoint, it is playing God, therefore, should be avoided. From a scientific standpoint it is also very dangerous, as scientists are playing with human cells which, if done wrong, can lead to genetic mutations that can either become fatal to the clone, or cause it unholy disabilities. This informat ion does, in fact, question the moral of the issue. If cloning is unsafe and harmful, what is the point? Another argument pertains to the reliability of cloning. Cloning experts have claimed it is, in fact, an effective procedure. Scientists have admitted it is risky, but also have argued that with time, and more experimentation, cloning will become extremely reliable and effective. However, facts are not as supportive towards this claim as scientists may want. Currently only 3 out of 71 cloning eggs have lived, and only 1 out of 278 fully developed clones have survived from those eggs.